Glossary and useful resources

Data handling is the process of collecting, storing, processing, protecting, documenting, transferring, sharing, retaining, and disposing of research data in accordance with legal, ethical, and institutional requirements.

The Declaration of Helsinki is a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human participants, first adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964, periodically revised, and serves as a global standard.

Gatekeepers are the people and organizations whose permission or help is needed to gain access to research participants or material.

Intellectual property is a creation of the mind that can be legally owned and protected. It can include the subject matter, methods, tools, and outputs you create as part of your research.

Open research or open science relates to how research is performed and how knowledge is shared based on the principle that research should be as open as possible.

Peer review is the independent assessment of a research paper by other researchers in the field. The purpose of peer review is to evaluate the paper's quality and suitability for publication, and it is also used to review grant proposals for research funding.

Questionable research practices are research behaviors that, while not constituting intentional research misconduct, depart from recognized standards of good research practice and can compromise the trustworthiness of research findings.

Replicability is obtaining consistent results across studies aimed at answering the same scientific question using new data collected under the same experimental conditions and protocols.

Reproducibility is obtaining the same or similar results when rerunning analyses from previous studies using the original design, data, and code.

Research bias refers to systematic errors in the design, conduct, analysis, or reporting of research that can distort the validity and reliability of research findings.

Research culture encompasses the behaviors, values, expectations, attitudes, and norms of research communities and institutions. It influences researchers' career paths and influences the way that research is conducted and communicated.

A research data repository is a digital service or online platform where researchers deposit, store, preserve, and share their research data, code, and metadata. These repositories support open science and research integrity by enabling access, transparency, and reuse of research outputs.

Research design is a systematic plan outlining how a study is conducted, including methods of data collection, procedures, and tools for analysis.

Research dissemination is the planned process of communicating research findings and the wider context to other researchers, policymakers, practitioners, or public groups through appropriate channels and formats, with the aim of increasing awareness, understanding, and potential impact.

Research ethics refers to the moral principles and practices guiding research, from its inception through to completion and publication of results and beyond.

Research governance refers to the framework of regulations, policies, principles, and standards that guide the ethical, legal, and responsible conduct and oversight of research.

Research integrity is all the factors that underpin good research practice and promote trust and confidence in the research process and its outcomes.

Research misconduct covers behaviors that deliberately or recklessly fail to meet standards of conduct expected in research, from the initial idea to reporting outcomes.

Research practice encompasses the day-to-day activities, behaviors, and methods used by researchers.

Publication ethics

• Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
• How to avoid authorship conflicts (ORI)

Sustainability in research

• LEAF – a new approach to achieving laboratory sustainability
• Design your research for sustainability (University of Bath)

Ethical use of animals in research

• National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research
• European Animal Research Association
• Ethical considerations regarding animal experimentation

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) in research

• Diversity and Inclusion Survey (DAISY) question guidance (version 2)

Avoiding low-quality journals

• Think. Check. Submit.
• Predatory publishing: evaluating predatory journals

Research standards, guidelines, and open research

• United2Act Against Paper Mills
• Good reporting guidelines to enhance the quality of study design and transparent reporting in health research (EQUATOR Network)
• Infographics and fact sheets on data and metadata standards, including the FAIR data principles (FAIRsharing.org)
• Octopus: a new publishing platform for scholarly research
• Open research across disciplines (UKRN)
• Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research

Responsible use of AI

• Taylor & Francis AI Policy
• Recommendations for a Classification of AI Use in Academic Manuscript Preparation (STM Association)

Good practice dissemination, public, media, and policy engagement

• Sharing versions of journal articles versions of journal articles (Taylor & Francis Author Services)
• Taylor & Francis Research Impact Hub: the role of research in policy and public engagement
• Voice of Young Science alumni network library (Sense about Science)

Research integrity training resources

• U.K. Research Integrity Office (UKRIO)
• UKRIO expert webinar series
• Online learning tool for research integrity and image processing